No sperm (azoospermia)
There are two types of conditions which result in no sperm being in the ejaculate. Either no sperm is being produced by the testis, or whilst sperm is produced, there is a blockage stopping the sperm.
In some men the sperm passes into the bladder at ejaculation rather than out (retrograde ejaculation).
Other causes include hormonal imbalances, chromosome abnormalities (variations in the way the genetic material is arranged), and a special type of carrier status for Cystic Fibrosis.
Depending on the cause, treatment is either by treating the cause such as removing an obstruction or hormone treatment, or by retrieving sperm for use in IVF techniques . Obtaining sperm from the testis is done by a simple procedure under local or general anaesthetic. Such sperm is then used for a special form of test-tube baby treatment, called ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection). In ICSI a single sperm is injected into the egg to fertilise it and make an embryo.

Severe sperm problems
This is where there is sperm in the ejaculate, but it is of very low count/ very slow or of poor quality. In such circumstances, we check for chromosome abnormalities. Treatment is with a special form of test-tube baby treatment, called ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection).

Mild – moderate sperm problems
Treatment is either with IVF (in vitro fertilisation) or artificial insemination (AI), depending on the severity of the problem. In AI the sperm are prepared in special way and injected into the womb of the female partner at time of ovulation.

Other Male-related issues
Varicocele: This is where the veins around the testis are increased in size and engorged. They : This is where the veins around the testis are increased in size and engorged. They can be felt on examination and may lead to groin/testicular discomfort and pain. Varicocele are more common in men with infertility, but currently there is no scientific evidence that treating varicocele surgically will improve fertility, as measured by the pregnancy rate, so we don not recommend it.
Vitamins and anti-oxidants: There have been some claims in the past about the benefit of : There have been some claims in the past about the benefit of these drugs in cases of male factor infertility. However, the scientific evidence is very clear that they are of no use and will not improve fertility.

There are two types of conditions which result in no sperm being in the ejaculate. Either no sperm is being produced by the testis, or whilst sperm is produced, there is a blockage stopping the sperm.
In some men the sperm passes into the bladder at ejaculation rather than out (retrograde ejaculation).
Other causes include hormonal imbalances, chromosome abnormalities (variations in the way the genetic material is arranged), and a special type of carrier status for Cystic Fibrosis.
Depending on the cause, treatment is either by treating the cause such as removing an obstruction or hormone treatment, or by retrieving sperm for use in IVF techniques . Obtaining sperm from the testis is done by a simple procedure under local or general anaesthetic. Such sperm is then used for a special form of test-tube baby treatment, called ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection). In ICSI a single sperm is injected into the egg to fertilise it and make an embryo.

Severe sperm problems
This is where there is sperm in the ejaculate, but it is of very low count/ very slow or of poor quality. In such circumstances, we check for chromosome abnormalities. Treatment is with a special form of test-tube baby treatment, called ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection).

Mild – moderate sperm problems
Treatment is either with IVF (in vitro fertilisation) or artificial insemination (AI), depending on the severity of the problem. In AI the sperm are prepared in special way and injected into the womb of the female partner at time of ovulation.

Other Male-related issues
Varicocele: This is where the veins around the testis are increased in size and engorged. They : This is where the veins around the testis are increased in size and engorged. They can be felt on examination and may lead to groin/testicular discomfort and pain. Varicocele are more common in men with infertility, but currently there is no scientific evidence that treating varicocele surgically will improve fertility, as measured by the pregnancy rate, so we don not recommend it.
Vitamins and anti-oxidants: There have been some claims in the past about the benefit of : There have been some claims in the past about the benefit of these drugs in cases of male factor infertility. However, the scientific evidence is very clear that they are of no use and will not improve fertility.

The chance of miscarrying any pregnancy is about 15%. Recurrent pregnancy loss is the term used after 3 miscarriages, though sometimes after 2. We can offer full investigations for this condition and provide not only treatment but also support during pregnancy. There are many causes including chromosomal (genetic), hormonal, immune, and abnormal blood clotting. The investigations include hormonal assessment, pelvic ultrasound scan to assess the cavity of the uterus and the ovaries, blood tests to detect any increased tendency for the blood to clot, and genetic chromosome analysis of both partners. Support (in the form of regular scans and reassurance) in early pregnancy in women with recurrent pregnancy loss has been shown in studies to increase the chance of a successful pregnancy.

It is not unusual for many couples to go through repeated fertility treatment attempts unsuccessfully, and keep being advised to carry on doing the same treatment next time without further investigations. We offer detailed investigations of the causes of recurrent treatment failures, such as genetic tests, careful investigation of the womb, and immune causes. Treatment is then offered accordingly.